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1996-06-01
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PROGRAM 'ISO'
Version 4.0
by
B. K. Berge
206 Cliff Ave.
Valley Springs, SD 57068
CompuServe: 101653,3544
Internet: 101653.3544@compuserve.com
B. K. Berge is a member of the Association of Shareware
Professionals (ASP). ASP wants to make sure that the
shareware principle works for you. If you are unable to
resolve a shareware-related problem with an ASP member by
contacting the member directly, ASP may be able to help.
The ASP Ombudsman can help you resolve a dispute or problem
with an ASP member, but does not provide technical support
for members' products. Please write to the ASP Ombudsman at
545 Grover Road, Muskegon, MI 49442 or send a CompuServe
message via CompuServe Mail to ASP Ombudsman 72050,1433.
DISCLAIMER - AGREEMENT
Users of 'ISO' must accept this disclaimer of warranty:
This program material is supplied as is. The author disclaims
all warranties, expressed or implied, including, without
limitation, the warranties of merchantability and of fitness
for any purpose. The author assumes no liability for incidental
or consequential damages in connection with or arising from the
furnishing, use, or performance of this program material.
ii
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
'ISO' calculates gas and liquid orifice flow meters based
on International Standard ISO 5167-1: 1991 (Ref. 1).
This is a 'shareware' program and NOT a 'freebie'. You are
expected to register if you continue using the program for
more than 30 days. However, the program does not have any
'nag-screens' to encourage you to register, and will function
with no limitations if you do not register. Upon registration
you will receive both the DOS and Windows versions of the
program supplied on two (2) floppy disks.
The program will size orifice plates for given design
conditions, find pressure drop for a given flow, or flow for
a given pressure drop. The standard (ISO-5167) is
originally designed for gas orifices. In this program it is
also used for liquid orifices.
1.2 Program Requirements and Overview
The minimum equipment configuration required by 'ISO':
a) DOS version:
1) An IBM PC, XT, AT or compatible computer
2) 256 K or more of RAM memory
3) DOS 2.0 or later operating system
b) Windows version:
1) A computer with 80386 processor or better (486, Pentium)
2) 4 MB of RAM memory
3) Windows 3.+
1.3 Program Information
The program is divided into 4 major sub-programs:
- normal gas orifices
- normal liquid orifices
- gas restriction orifices (critical flow orifices)
- liquid restriction orifices
'ISO' lets you choose between U.S. and SI units. The
gas routines (normal orifice and restriction orifice routines)
will perform orifice-calculations for:
- Natural gas
- Air
- Nitrogen
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For natural gas the AGA-8 Equation of State (EOS) is used for
calculating physical properties. For air and nitrogen the
Redlich-Kwong EOS is used.
The liquid orifice routines include:
- Oil (gas-free)
- Water
- Methanol (MeOH)
- Monoethylene Glycol (MEG)
- Diethylene Glycol (DEG)
- Triethylene Glycol (TEG)
For MeOH, MEG, DEG, and TEG the amount of water in solution
(0-100 Weight %) can be given, and the program will
calculate the physical properties of the solution.
2.0 USING 'ISO'
STEP 1: Install the program:
a) DOS version:
Put the program diskette in drive A and type: A:\INSTALL
This will install the DOS-programs in directory C:\ORIFICE
or show you how to install the program in a directory of your
choice.
b) Windows version:
The Windows version of the program uses the Visual Basic 3.0
runtime DLL. Put the program diskette in drive A. From
the Microsoft Windows Program Manager, choose RUN from the
FILE menu and type: A:\SETUP or double-click on the SETUP.EXE
file in drive A. Setup will copy the program to directory
C:\ORIFICE unless you make your own choice. If you want the
program-icon to appear in another group window, move it to
where you want 'ISO' to be and delete the window group
made by Setup. Save your selections.
STEP 2: Start the program by typing "ISO" from the DOS-prompt,
or 'click' on the correct icon:
FLOW -ORIFICE
FLOW-ORIFICE CALCULATION PROGRAM
International Standard ISO 5167-1:1991
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Copyright (C) 1996 by B. K. Berge (Version 4.0)
iv
The Disclaimer is shown before the main menu appears:
Gas Orifice
Liquid Orifice
Restriction Orifice - Gas
Restriction Orifice - Liquid
EXIT
STEP 3: Calculation Options:
After choosing type and method of calculation the input-screen
will appear. For gas-calculations you have to enter specific
gas gravity, temperature and pressure. You can also give
molefractions of N2, CO2 and H2S for sour gas calculations.
The AGA-8 equation is used for calculating Z-factor
(compressibility factor) for natural gases. The equation is
complex, and calculation time may be long depending on your
computer-type. The Redlich-Kwong equation of state is used
for air and nitrogen.
For oil-calculations you have to enter specific oil gravity,
temperature and pressure. It is also recommended to give
molecular weight of oil. For water-calculations the input
requirements are salinity, temperature, and pressure.
NOTE: It is assumed that all dissolved solids for water are
expressed as equivalent sodium chloride concentration. The
results are an orifice specification sheet giving the necessary
data for design of an orifice or evaluating an existing orifice.
STEP 4: Interpreting the results:
The results will contain a few factors that you should know:
ISO 5167-1:1991
---------------
The basic flow equation is:
Qm = C*E*Eps*Pi/4*OD^2*Sqrt(2*dP*Roh)
where
Qm = Mass flow rate (kg/s)
C = Discharge coefficient = Alpha/E
E = Velocity of approach factor = 1/(Sqrt(1-Beta^4))
Eps = Expansion factor due to pressure drop
Pi = 3.14159
OD = Orifice diameter at actual flowing conditions
dP = Differential pressure across orifice
Roh = Density of flowing fluid measured at upstream tap
v
The flow coefficient is given above as:
Alpha = C * E
and the orifice to pipe diameter is:
Beta = OD/PID
The definition of the factors are given in Ref. 1.
3.0 LIMITATIONS
3.1 Physical Properties
Natural gas properties are limited to:
0.55 <= SPGG < 2.0
1.05 <= TEMPRD < 3.0
0 <= PRSPRD < 30
Liquid correlations used here should be within the
following limits:
14.696 Psia < PRS < 6000 Psia
32 deg F < TEM < 250 deg F
In addition the oil properties are limited by a specific
oil gravity range of:
0.63 < SPGO < 2.0
and water properties are limited by a maximum salt-content:
0 % < NaCl < 25 %
3.2 Orifice Limitations
For specifications regarding tolerances and restrictions to
the orifices themselves, length of pipe preceding and
following the orifice, and tapping points, you are advised
to check the standard (Ref. 1).
The beta ratio, BETA (orifice to tube diameter ratio,
BETA = OD/PID) is limited as follows:
vi
Flange taps: 0.20 < BETA < 0.75
D and D/2 taps: 0.20 < BETA < 0.75
Corner taps: 0.23 < BETA < 0.8
These limits do not apply for restriction orifices.
The limitations on pipe diameters and orifice diameters are:
Flange taps and D and D/2 taps: 50 mm < PID < 760 mm
Corner taps: 50 mm < PID < 1000 mm
Orifice diameters are limited for all tapping types to:
OD > 12.5
4.0 REFERENCES
1. "Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential
devices - Part 1: Orifice plates, nozzles and Venturi tubes
inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full",
International Standard ISO 5167-1:1991, 1st Ed., International
Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (1991).
2. Miller, R.W., "Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook", 2nd
Ed., McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., New York, NY (1989) 2-30
- 2-37.
3. "Compressibility and Supercompressibility for Natural Gas
and other Hydrocarbon Gases", Transmission Measurement
Committee Report no. 8, AGA Catalog No. XQ 1285,
Arlington, VA (1986).
4. "Phase Behavior", Reprint Series, SPE, Dallas (1981), 15,
52-63 and 211-223.
5. Edmister, W.C. and Lee, B.I., "Applied Hydrocarbon Thermo-
dynamics", Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., Gulf Publishing Co., Houston,
TX (1984) 47-49.
6. Reid, R.C., Prausnitz, J.M., and Sherwood, T.K., "The
Properties of Gases and Liquids", 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill
Book Co. Inc., New York, NY (1977) 503-506, and 536-537.
7. Buthod, P., "Specific Heats of Natural Gases", Oil and
Gas J. (Sept. 29, 1949) 60.
vii
8. Standing, M.B., "Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil
Field Hydrocarbon Systems", SPE, Dallas (1977) 121-127.
9. McCain Jr., W.D., "Reservoir-Fluid Property Correlations -
State of the Art", SPE Reservoir Engineering (May 1991)
266-272.
10. Craft, B.C., Hawkins, H.F. and Terry, R.E., "Applied
Petroleum Reservoir Engineering", 2nd Ed., Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs (1991) 40-44.
11. Dickey, D.S., "Practical Formulas Calculate Water
Properties", Chemical Engineering (Nov. 1991) 235-236.
12. Gallant, R.W., "Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons",
Vol. 1, 2nd Printing, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX
(1974) 62-68 and 110-119.
----------------- * * * -----------------
5.0 REGISTRATION
'ISO' is a "shareware program" and is provided at no charge
to the user for evaluation. Feel free to share it with your
friends. The essence of "user-supported" software is to
provide personal computer users with quality software without
high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers to
continue to develop new products. If you find this program
useful and find that you continue using 'ISO' after a
reasonable trial period, you are encouraged to register.
The $19.95 registration fee will license one copy for use on
any one computer at any one time, provide 1 year support
(by mail, CompuServe or Internet), a free booklet giving
you the equations used in the program, and next upgrade free.
Commercial users of 'ISO' should register and pay for their
copies of 'ISO' within 30 days of first use. Site-License
arrangements may be made by contacting the address below.
Anyone distributing 'ISO' for any kind of renumeration
(except the Society of Petroleum Engineers, SPE), must first
contact the address below for authorization. This
authorization will be automatically granted to distributors
recognized by ASP as adhering to its guidelines for shareware
distributors, and such distributors may begin offering 'ISO'
immediately. (However, to keep the distributor up-to-date with
the latest version, please notify the address below).
viii
SHAREWARE REGISTRATION FORM
Your Name............ ______________________________
Company Name......... ______________________________
Street Address....... ______________________________
P.O. Box............. ____________________
City................. ____________________
State, Zip........... __ _________________
Country.............. ____________________
Preferred disk type:
3-1/2" 720 KB _
3-1/2" 1.44 MB _
5-1/4" 360 KB _
5-1/4" 1.2 MB _
Fill out the form with a check of $19.95 and mail to:
B. K. Berge, 206 Cliff Ave., Valley Springs, SD 57068
CompuServe: 101653,3544
Internet: 101653.3544@compuserve.com
Other programs by the author ($14.95 registration fee each
if you have registered other programs from the author):
GOW - Calculates gas, oil and water PVT properties
based on the users's choice of methods.
GASWATER - Natural Gas-Water interaction calculations
(Hydrate calculations, water content of
natural gas, MeOH/Glycol injection calculations
and CO2 solid formation calculations).
AGA - Orifice calculations based on ANSI/API 2530-1991,
Part 3 (AGA Report No. 3). The same calculations
are performed as for 'ISO'. The API standard is
basically used in the USA, while the ISO standard
is used in Europe. However, both standards give
similar results (+/- 1%).